Low blood pressure, or hypotension, refers to a condition where the force of blood against the walls of the arteries is lower than normal. While high blood pressure is a more commonly recognised health concern, low blood pressure can also have significant implications for an individual’s well-being.
It is important to note that the optimal blood pressure range may vary among individuals, and what may be considered low blood pressure for one person may be normal for another.
How is blood pressure measured and what constitutes hypotension?
Blood pressure is measured in two ways;
- Systolic blood pressure, which represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts and pumps blood out to the rest of the body.
- Diastolic blood pressure, which represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.
Blood pressure is typically expressed as the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure, such as 120/80 mmHg. Low blood pressure is generally defined as having a systolic pressure of less than 90 mmHg or a diastolic pressure of less than 60 mmHg.
Preventing Hypotension: Effective Strategies to Maintain Healthy Blood Pressure Levels
Treating low blood pressure, or hypotension, requires a comprehensive approach tailored to the underlying causes and individual needs. The treatment options aim to alleviate symptoms, improve overall well-being, and prevent complications. Here, we will explore some common treatment approaches for low blood pressure:
Lifestyle modifications
- Increase fluid and salt intake: Drinking an adequate amount of fluids, especially water, can help maintain blood volume and prevent dehydration, which can contribute to low blood pressure. Additionally, increasing salt intake, under the guidance of a healthcare provider, can help raise blood pressure levels.
- Avoid triggers: Identify and avoid factors that can worsen low blood pressure symptoms, such as hot environments, prolonged standing, or sudden position changes. Understanding your triggers and making necessary adjustments can help minimise symptoms.
- Regular exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity, as recommended by your healthcare provider, can improve circulation, strengthen the cardiovascular system, and help regulate blood pressure. Discuss with your healthcare provider about suitable exercise options considering your individual condition.
- Compression stockings: Wearing compression stockings or socks can help improve blood flow and prevent blood from pooling in the legs. These garments provide gentle pressure to the lower limbs, assisting in maintaining blood pressure.
Medications
- Fludrocortisone: This medication helps increase sodium retention, which expands blood volume and raises blood pressure. It is commonly prescribed for individuals with low blood pressure that does not respond to lifestyle modifications alone.
- Midodrine: Midodrine works by constricting blood vessels, thus raising blood pressure. It is typically used to manage symptoms of hypotension, such as dizziness and lightheadedness.
- Other medications: In certain cases, other medications such as alpha-1 agonists or vasoconstrictors may be prescribed to increase blood pressure. These medications should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Treating underlying conditions
If hypotension is caused by an underlying medical condition, such as hormonal imbalances, heart problems, or nerve disorders, treating the underlying condition is essential. Your healthcare provider will determine the appropriate course of action based on the specific condition and individual circumstances.
Managing medication side effects
If hypotension pressure is a side effect of medications you are taking for other conditions, your healthcare provider may adjust the dosage or switch to alternative medications. It is crucial to communicate any concerns or worsening symptoms to your healthcare provider to ensure the best course of action.
Regular follow-up and monitoring
Regular check-ups and follow-up appointments with your healthcare provider are crucial to monitor your blood pressure, evaluate treatment effectiveness, and make any necessary adjustments. Your healthcare provider will work with you to ensure that your treatment plan remains optimised for your specific needs.
How do you test for Hypotension?
Diagnosing low blood pressure, or hypotension, involves a comprehensive assessment and various tests. Healthcare professionals utilise several methods to accurately diagnose and treat the condition. These include:
Monitoring
- Manual Blood Pressure Measurement: A healthcare professional may measure your blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. This is a standard method of assessing blood pressure and involves placing an inflatable cuff around your upper arm and gradually releasing the pressure while listening for blood flow sounds using a stethoscope.
- Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: In some cases, your healthcare provider may recommend ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, which involves wearing a portable blood pressure monitor for 24 hours. This method provides a more comprehensive assessment of your blood pressure patterns throughout the day, including during different activities and sleep.
Orthostatic or postural measurements
Orthostatic blood pressure measurements assess how your blood pressure responds to changes in body position. It involves measuring your blood pressure while lying down, sitting, and standing. This test helps determine if there is a significant drop in blood pressure upon standing, which can be indicative of orthostatic hypotension.
Laboratory tests
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): A CBC measures the levels of red and white blood cells, haemoglobin, and platelets in your blood. It helps identify any abnormalities that may contribute to low blood pressure.
- Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): This blood test assesses various electrolyte levels, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, along with kidney function and blood glucose levels. Abnormalities in these parameters may provide insights into the causes of low blood pressure.
- Thyroid Function Tests: Thyroid function tests evaluate the levels of thyroid hormones (T3, T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Thyroid imbalances can contribute to low blood pressure, and these tests help assess thyroid function.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
An electrocardiogram measures the electrical activity of the heart and can help identify any abnormalities or irregularities that may be contributing to low blood pressure.
Tilt table test
A tilt table test may be recommended if your healthcare provider suspects neurogenic or neurally mediated hypotension. During this test, you are secured to a table that can be tilted to different angles, simulating changes in body position. Blood pressure and heart rate are monitored to assess your body’s response to these positional changes.
Understanding the causes of low blood pressure is crucial. Dehydration, certain medications, heart conditions, endocrine disorders, and neurological conditions are common factors.
Consulting a healthcare professional is essential if symptoms persist or if there are concerns about blood pressure levels. They will provide personalised guidance to effectively manage low blood pressure and promote overall wellness.
What are the potential complications of Hypotension?
Extremely low blood pressure levels or prolonged hypotension can lead to various complications. Here are some potential complications associated with low blood pressure:
Dizziness and fainting
One of the common symptoms of is dizziness or lightheadedness, which can lead to a higher risk of falls and injuries. Severe drops in blood pressure may cause fainting, resulting in further physical harm.
Decreased organ perfusion
Insufficient blood flow due to low blood pressure can lead to reduced perfusion of vital organs such as the heart, brain, and kidneys. Prolonged inadequate blood supply to these organs can result in tissue damage and organ dysfunction.
Cognitive impairment
Inadequate blood flow to the brain may result in cognitive impairment, including difficulties with concentration, memory, and overall cognitive function. It is particularly concerning in older individuals who may already be at risk for age-related cognitive decline.
Cardiovascular events
Severe and sudden drops in blood pressure can trigger cardiac events such as angina (chest pain) or even heart attacks in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions. Insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle can lead to serious complications.
Kidney dysfunction
Low blood pressure can impair kidney function by reducing blood flow to the kidneys. Prolonged hypotension may result in decreased filtration and impaired waste removal, leading to kidney damage or even acute kidney injury.
Stroke
If blood pressure drops significantly and causes inadequate blood flow to the brain, it can increase the risk of strokes. Lack of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells can result in ischemic strokes or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).
Pregnancy complications
Low blood pressure during pregnancy can pose risks to both the mother and the baby. It may lead to reduced blood flow to the placenta, resulting in foetal growth restriction, premature birth, or other complications.
Impaired healing
In individuals with chronic low blood pressure, wounds may heal more slowly due to reduced blood flow. This can increase the risk of infections and complications during the healing process.
Where can I go if I need Hypotension treatment?
You can receive at HeartWest, the largest cardiology group in the western and northwestern corridors of Melbourne, with 4 major locations and 3 satellite sites.
At HeartWest, our qualified experts will provide you with the best cardiology care. You will experience nothing but professionalism, care and courtesy; from your first interaction with our staff, to going through tests, procedures and consultations.
Our cardiologists have expertise in all fields of adult cardiology, including;
Contact us for efficient and affordable specialist heart care services.
FAQs
Are there different types of hypotension?
There are multiple variations of hypotension. For example, Orthostatic hypotension causes a sudden drop in blood pressure when changing positions, often leading to dizziness or fainting. Neurally mediated hypotension involves abnormal blood pressure responses triggered by certain events like standing or stress. Postprandial hypotension results in blood pressure decrease after eating, primarily affecting the elderly. Severe hypotension, also called shock, is a medical emergency where blood pressure drops dangerously low, usually due to severe blood loss, infection, or heart issues. Additionally, some medications and dehydration can also cause hypotension.
Can hypotension be dangerous or life-threatening?
Yes, low blood pressure can be dangerous and, in severe cases, even life-threatening. When blood pressure drops significantly and remains low, it can lead to inadequate blood flow to vital organs, depriving them of essential oxygen and nutrients. This can result in organ dysfunction and, in extreme situations, can be fatal. That is why it is essential to monitor blood pressure regularly and seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of low blood pressure or have concerns about your blood pressure levels.
Are there any risk factors for developing low blood pressure?
Low blood pressure can be influenced by various risk factors.
- Advanced age can lead to decreased vessel flexibility, increasing the risk of orthostatic hypotension in older adults.
- Dehydration due to insufficient fluid intake or excessive fluid loss can reduce blood volume and cause hypotension.
- Certain medications like antihypertensives, diuretics, and antidepressants can have low blood pressure as a side effect.
- Heart conditions such as bradycardia, heart valve disorders, or heart failure may contribute to hypotension.
- Endocrine disorders affecting the adrenal glands or hormonal imbalances can also play a role.
- Pregnant women may experience temporary low blood pressure in early pregnancy.
- Prolonged bed rest, anaemia, nutritional deficiencies, and autonomic nervous system disorders are additional risk factors.
Is it normal for blood pressure to fluctuate throughout the day?
Yes, it is normal for blood pressure to fluctuate throughout the day due to various factors such as activity level, emotions, diet, medication, and time of day. Blood pressure tends to be lower during rest and higher during physical activity. Stress or strong emotions can temporarily elevate blood pressure, and certain foods or drinks can also influence readings. Changes in posture, environmental factors, and medication can contribute to blood pressure variations. Monitoring blood pressure regularly can help track trends, and significant or persistent fluctuations may require medical evaluation to identify potential underlying health issues.
How can I monitor my blood pressure?
To monitor your blood pressure at home;
- Purchase a digital blood pressure monitor and choose the right cuff size for your arm.
- Rest for a few minutes before measuring, sit comfortably with your arm at heart level, and take two or three readings about four to five minutes apart.
- It is best to do this morning and night when you are not in a hurry, three to four times a week over a one to two week period, generally after you have made an intervention to improve the blood pressure e.g. lifestyle changes or medication changes.
- Record the results and share them with your healthcare provider.
Remember, home monitoring is a helpful tool, but it’s essential to work with your healthcare provider for proper interpretation and management of your blood pressure. Avoid caffeine, smoking, and exercise before measurements, and follow your doctor’s recommendations for monitoring frequency.
How often should I have my blood pressure checked if I have normal readings?
If you have normal blood pressure readings and no other risk factors or health concerns, getting your blood pressure checked at least once every two years during routine medical check-ups is generally sufficient. However, your healthcare provider may recommend more frequent monitoring if you have specific risk factors or a family history of hypertension.
